In the times of the Greek Helenist, Jews wer forbidden to do many important mitzvahs (Jewish commandments). This chess set symbolized the conflict. The Helenists are represented by Greek gods, the Jews by Cohanim bearing the Torah.
Jewish figures include:
King: Holding blessing of the new moon
Queen: Daughter of Cohen, holding the Governor's head.
Bishop: Rabbi performing circumcision
Knight: with Kiddush cup
Rook: Menorah symbolized the Temple.